January 18, 2024

OLD COURSE  Vocabulary and Grammar:

 SY BCom Old Course  Vocabulary and Grammar:

 Homonyms:

Homonyms are words that share the same spelling and sound (pronunciation) but have different meanings. Homonyms can create confusion in communication, as the intended meaning of a word may depend on its context within a sentence.

Examples:

Well (good/ source of water)

Will (future tense/ document assigning wealth)

Exercise-A Write the various meanings of these homonyms:

1.  Back:

        The rear surface of the human body. (spinal)

Keep your back straight.

He had injury in his back.

        In the opposite direction from the front. (behind)

The garden is at the back side of the temple.

Look back, he is behind you.

        To support or endorse. (help)

He will be in my back team.

2.  Address:

        The particulars of the place where someone lives or an organization is situated. (place)

Please, give me your office address.

        A formal speech or written statement. (speech)

He wanted to address the students.

3.  Watch: (Noun/Verb)

        A small timepiece worn typically on a person's wrist.

She bought a nice watch for her brother.

        To observe or monitor something attentively. (see)

Watch the movie and find the message.

4.  Saw:

        A tool with a toothed blade used for cutting through material.

He was cutting wood using a saw.

        The past tense of the verb "see." 

I saw him running very fast.

5.  Rose:

        Flower.        He gave her a white rose.

        The past tense of the verb "rise."  

He rose from there and went outside.

6.  Right:

        Morally good, justified, or acceptable.

This is not the right way to talk to your eldes.

        Not wrong.           It is not a right sentence.

        The opposite of left. (side) 

Don’t turn your vehicle to the right side.

        A legal entitlement.

You don’t have any right to scold him.

7.  Fly:

        An insect with two wings.      Fly is a tiny insect.

        To travel through the air using wings or an aircraft.        I will fly on Monday. (journey)

8.  Book:

        A set of written or printed pages bound together. (I like books.)  Books are our best friends.

        To arrange to have a seat, room, or ticket at a particular time.

Please, book our four tickets immediately.

        To make a reservation or appointment.

He will book our appointment/ reservation.

Exercise-B Construct sentences of your own for these homonyms. 

1. Ruler: 

        I have a wooden ruler. (measuring instrument)

        King Henry was a great ruler. (authority or a king who rules)

2. Can:

        I can swim across the lake if the weather is good. (verb)

Can you pass me that book, please? (verb)

        He kept the food in a small can. (container)

3. Tie:

        He had to tie his shoelaces before going for a run. Tie your shoes tightly. (bind/bond)

        The game ended in a tie, with both teams scoring the same number of points. (Equal Finish)

4. Palm:

        She rested the seashell in the palm of her hand and marvelled at its beauty. (front part of hand)

        She opened her palm and saw it to the priest. 

        The resort had numerous palm trees. (tree)

5. Park:

        We decided to go for a walk in the park to enjoy the sunshine. He went to the park in the evening. (garden)

        Can you please park the car in the designated area? Park your vehicle properly. (parking place to keep vehicle)

6. Match:

        The cricket match was intense, with both teams giving their best. (game)

This shirt doesn’t match with jeans. (suite proper with)

 

There are three main types of homonyms:  (Homophones,  Homographs,  Heteronyms)

Homophones: These are words that have the same/ similar pronunciation but different meanings and often different spellings. Examples : "there," "their," and "they're," or "two," "to," and "too."

 

Exercise-C Identify homophones of the following words:

1. Shot:

        Shot: The past tense of the verb "shoot."

He shot at the target.

        Short : Small.  It was a very short visit.

He will be there for very short time.

2. Which:

        Which: A pronoun used to ask about one or more items from a defined set.

Which is your book?

        Witch: A person, usually a woman, who practices witchcraft. (She was a witch.)

3. Piece:

        Piece: A part or portion of something.

He gave a piece of cloth to cover the bottle.

        Peace: The absence of war or conflict.

He lives peacefully.

4. Soul:

        Soul: The spiritual or immaterial part of a human being. (spirit) He has a pure soul.

        Sole: The undersurface of a person's foot; also, the bottom of a shoe.

He has to mend the sole of his shoe.

It is his sole responsibility. (single)

Exercise-D Create sentences of your own for the following pairs of homophones:

1. Build/Billed:

        Build: I’m looking for an open plot to build a house. (verb – to make)

        Billed: The store billed me for the wrong dress. (charged) He will send bill of the items soon.

2. Not/Knot:

        Not: I will not be able to attend the meeting tomorrow. (negative)

        Knot: She carefully tied a knot in the ribbon to secure the package. (noun)

3. Heart/Hart:

        Heart: He felt his heart race as he approached the love of his life.

Her heart was not weak. He is good at heart.

        Hart: In the forest, we spotted a majestic hart grazing peacefully.

4. Face/Phase:

        Face: Sarah couldn't hide the smile on her face when she received the surprise gift.

He can’t face the problem.

        Phase: The project is now entering the final phase of development.

5. Of/Off:

        Of: The painting is a masterpiece of classical art. Take care of your parents.

        Off: Please turn off the lights before leaving the room.

6. In/Inn:

        In: We'll meet you in the park at noon.

        Inn: After a long journey, they decided to stay at a cozy inn for the night.

 

 

Homographs: These are words that share the same spelling but have different meanings and may or may not have the same pronunciation. Examples: "lead" (to guide) and "lead" (a metal), or "tear" (to rip) and "tear" (a drop of saline fluid from the eye).

Exercise-E Choose the correct meaning of the underlined homographs from the given contexts.

1.  Jyoti says she can complete the homework before dinner.

ü     To have ability   A sealed container

2.  Look at the sky-it’s pretty clear that it will not rain today. 

ü     Free from darkness or dust  Something easily understood

3.  Dina was asked to rock the baby.

ü     Move or sway gently form side to side.

 A stone made of mineral matters.

4.  When the teacher asked me, I couldn’t recall Ahmed’s roll number. 

ü     Remember

 To revoke or remove from public use

5.  I dislike dirty dishes left in the sink.

 To submerge into something, usually water

ü     A basin connected to water supply to wash things in 

 

Heteronyms: These are a specific type of homograph, which means they share the same spelling but have different meanings and are pronounced differently.

Unlike regular homographs, where the difference in pronunciation might be subtle, heteronyms have distinct pronunciations.

In heteronyms, the difference in pronunciation helps to distinguish between the different meanings of the word, adding an extra layer of complexity compared to regular homographs.

 

Here are a few examples:

Lead (pronounced "led"): Lead (to guide or direct). 

Example: "He will lead the team to victory."

Lead (pronounced "leed"): Lead (a soft, heavy, malleable metal). 

Example: "The pencil contains a small amount of lead."

Bow (pronounced "boh"): Bow (to bend forward at the waist).

Example: "She asked him to bow before the queen."

Bow (pronounced "bau"): Bow (a curved weapon for shooting arrows).

Example: "He used a bow to shoot arrows."

 

Exercise-F Construct sentences of your own for these heteronyms. 

1. Minute (60 seconds/extremely small):

        The last minute of the game felt like an eternity.

It will take only one minute to proceed.

        He examined the tiny details under the microscope for a minute examination.

2. Tear (because of crying/ rip off):

        A tear rolled down her cheek as she watched the emotional scene.

        Be careful not to tear the wrapping paper when opening the gift.

3. Wind (strong air/ tighten):

        The wind howled through the trees during the storm. It’s a windy day.  

        She had to wind the old clock every day to keep it running.

4. Lead (metal/to initiate):

        The pencil contained a small amount of lead in its core. The lead of a pencil is very soft.

        As the team captain, he was ready to lead his teammates to victory. Sachin will lead the team.

5. Tear (a drop of water from the eyes/ to pull apart with force):

        A single tear glistened in the corner of his eye as he said goodbye.

        She had to tear the fabric to create strips for the art project. Tear it properly.

 

 Gerunds:

A gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun in a sentence. In English, gerunds end in "-ing." They are created by adding the "-ing" suffix to the base form of a verb. Gerunds can be used in various ways, including as subjects, objects, and complements.

Here are some examples of gerunds:

1.     As a Subject:

Swimming is my favourite form of exercise. Reading helps me relax after a long day.

2.     As an Object:

       I enjoy playing the guitar.

       She avoids eating too much junk food.

3.     As a Complement:

        His hobby is painting landscapes.

        Her favourite activity is dancing.

4.     After Prepositions:

        I'm interested in learning a new language.

        She is good at solving problems.

5.     After Certain Verbs:

        They started working on the project early in the morning.

        I like listening to music while I work.

 

Remember that gerunds are formed by adding "-ing" to the base form of the verb. However, there are some spelling variations to be aware of, such as dropping the final "e" in verbs ending in "e" (e.g., write → writing) or doubling the final consonant in certain cases (e.g., run → running).

 

Exercise-A Underline the main verb and bold the gerund in the following sentences:

1.     Emerson’s poem demonstrates that saving water is essential. 

2.     What the author emphasizes the most in this poem is disrespecting water.

3.     Man is not interested in conserving water.

4.     It is worth spending some time reading this poem again. 

5.     Let us realize the importance of preserving water resources.

 

Exercise-B Use following words as main verb and gerunds in sentences of your own:

1.     Understand:

        Main Verb: I understand Hindi very well.

        Gerund: Understanding Biology can be challenging. 

2.     Wet:

        Main Verb: She accidentally wet the paper with spilled water.

        Gerund: Wetting the cloth before cleaning helps remove stains more effectively.

3.     Chill:

        Main Verb: After a long day, they chilled by the fireplace.

        Gerund: Chilling with friends is a great way to relax on weekends.

4.     Use:

        Main Verb: He will use his new laptop.

        Gerund: Using technology wisely is essential for productivity.

5.     Double:

        Main Verb: She doubled the quantity of food for the family gathering.

        Gerund: Doubling the effort can lead to better results.

6.     Measure:

        Main Verb: The tailor measured it for a custom fit.

        Gerund: Measuring ingredients precisely is crucial in baking.

 

 Participles:

A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective, often ending in "-ing" (flying car) (present participle) or "-ed" (broken hearted) (past participle). Participles modify nouns and pronouns, providing additional information about them.

Check the examples given in the book:

As Adjectives

The rising star, The sailing ship, A closing address

The risen star, The sailed ship, A closed door

 

 

Creating Verb Tense

I am/was/will be cooking.

They have been/ had been studying.

He has/ had broken the glass.

She has/had been reading.

 

Passive voice

Civilization is understood by the water.

It was done by him.

The poem was written by Emerson.

 

Here are some more examples:

1.     Present Participle (-ing):

        The running water sounded soothing.

        I saw a man reading a book.

2.     Past Participle (-ed, -en, -d, -t, -n):

        The broken window needs to be repaired.

        The cake, baked by my mom, was delicious.

        The lost keys were found under the couch.

        The written report was submitted on time.

3.     Perfect Participle (having + past participle):

        Having finished his homework, Tom went out to play.

4.     Participial Phrases:

        Tired and hungry, she decided to stop for a break.

        Inspired by the movie, they decided to write their own screenplay.

 

In these examples, "running," "reading," "broken," "baked," "lost," and "written" are participles modifying nouns or pronouns. Participles are versatile and can be used in various sentence structures to add descriptive details.

Exercise- A Identify and underline the participle in the following sentences:

1.  The crying girl laughed at the clown.

2.  The running race started at 9 am.

3.  The filled jar fell down.

4.  The burnt paper flew away.

5.  Exhausted, the marathon runner drank some orange juice.

 

Page no. 79 to 82 Exercise A,B &C as discussed in class room. (worksheet 2.3)

 

Exercise- B Fill in the following table:


Verb

Present Participle

Past Participle

Adjective

Tense

Passive

Voice

Break

breaking

broken

This is the breaking news for today.

The workers have broken the windows.

The pot was broken by the careless girl.

Use

using

used

Used plates should be kept aside.

I have used all those machines already. I have been using those books as reference.

The new software was used by the entire team to enhance productivity.

Understand

understanding

understood

The explanation was such that even the most understandable concepts became complex.

She has understood the whole idea of her boss.

The complex concept           was understood by very few students       in the class.

Destroy

destroying

destroyed

The firefighter bravely entered the destroyed building to search for survivors.  

The earthquake had destroyed almost all buildings in the city.

The    ancient manuscripts were destroyed by them.

Write

writing

written

The library showcased a collection of written works from various renowned authors.

 

Next week, they will write letters to their pen pals. He has written the poem.

A heartfelt poem was written by the poet in memory of his late grandmother.

 

 

 Literary Devices:

1. Antithesis: (anti = opposite thesis = ideas)

Antithesis is a rhetorical device or figure of speech in which there is a contrast or opposition between two ideas. It involves the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas within a balanced grammatical structure. The purpose of using antithesis is to create a intense, striking and memorable expression that highlights the differences between the two concepts. This contrast can serve to emphasize a particular point, create tension, or bring attention to the complexity of a situation.

Here's a simple example to illustrate antithesis:

"To be or not to be, that is the question."

In this famous line from William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet," the antithesis is evident in the opposition between "to be" and "not to be." This contrast emphasizes the existential dilemma that the character Hamlet is facing.

Antithesis is commonly used in literature, speeches, and everyday language to create impact, draw attention, and convey complex ideas through the juxtaposition of contrasting elements.

2. Oxymoron:

An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two seemingly contradictory or opposite words or ideas are combined to create a new and often thought-provoking meaning. The purpose of using an oxymoron is to create a paradoxical, ironic, or humorous effect. Despite the apparent contradiction, oxymoron are used to highlight the complexities and nuances of a situation. Oxymoron is widely used in literature, poetry, and everyday language to add depth, humour, or irony to expressions and to capture the inherent contradictions present in certain situations.

 

Here are a few examples of oxymoron:

1.     Deafening silence: (strong loud silence) The juxtaposition of "deafening" and "silence" creates an image of silence that is so profound and overwhelming that it seems loud.

2.     Jumbo shrimp: (large, huge, very small) This oxymoron combines the contradictory notions of something being both large (jumbo) and small (shrimp), often used to create a humorous effect.

3.     Living dead: (existence without life/ vitality) The combination of "living" and "dead" seems contradictory, but it is commonly used to refer to creatures like zombies or to describe a state of existence that lacks vitality or true life.

4.     Seriously funny: (funny with some real sense, meaning) This oxymoron suggests that something is both serious and humorous at the same time, emphasizing the complexity of the situation.

5.     Act naturally: (Artificial action which looks  natural)Combining "act" and "naturally" implies that one should behave in a natural way, but the use of "act" introduces an element of artificiality or performance.

 

Exercise- A Underline the opposite ideas in each of the following sentences. 

1.     It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved the liberties of everybody must be curtailed.

2.     The traffic policeman is the symbol not of tyranny, but of liberty. 

3.     You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality. 

4.     Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract.

5.     We have a whole kingdom, in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. 

6.     My dear old friend X., who live in a West End square and who is an amazing mixture of good nature and irascibility, flies into a passion when he hears a street piano, and rushes out to order it away. 

7.     We have both liberties to preserve – our individual liberty and our social liberty.

8.     It is the little habits of common place intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey. 

9.     I suppose the fact that we can be neither complete anarchists nor complete socialist in this complex world. 

10.  We must watch the bureaucrat on the one side and warn off the anarchists on the other side. 

 

Exercise- B Use the words you underlined to complete the sentences give below:

1.  Some of us maintain a personal diary in which we write certain things, we do not wish to share with anyone. 

2.  Pickles are preserved with salt-so that they can be used for a long time. 

3.  ‘Man is a social animal; stated Aristotle. 

4.  It is Conventional for women to wear a sari on their wedding day. 

5.  Personal likes and dislikes of and dislikes of an individual are not more important than the social interest. 

 

 

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