SY BCom Old Course Vocabulary and Grammar:
Homonyms:
Homonyms are words that share the same spelling and sound (pronunciation)
but have different meanings. Homonyms can create confusion in communication, as
the intended meaning of a word may depend on its context within a sentence.
Examples:
Well (good/ source of water)
Will (future tense/ document assigning wealth)
Exercise-A Write the various meanings of these homonyms:
1. Back:
•
The
rear surface of the human body. (spinal)
Keep your back straight.
He had injury in his back.
•
In
the opposite direction from the front. (behind)
The garden is at the back side of the temple.
Look back, he is behind you.
•
To
support or endorse. (help)
He will be in my back team.
2. Address:
•
The
particulars of the place where someone lives or an organization is situated.
(place)
Please, give me your office address.
•
A
formal speech or written statement. (speech)
He wanted to address the students.
3. Watch: (Noun/Verb)
•
A
small timepiece worn typically on a person's wrist.
She bought a nice watch for her brother.
•
To
observe or monitor something attentively. (see)
Watch the movie and find the message.
4. Saw:
•
A
tool with a toothed blade used for cutting through material.
He was cutting wood using a saw.
•
The
past tense of the verb "see."
I saw him running very fast.
5. Rose:
•
Flower.
He gave her a white rose.
•
The
past tense of the verb "rise."
He rose from there and went outside.
6. Right:
•
Morally
good, justified, or acceptable.
This is not the right way to talk to your eldes.
•
Not
wrong. It is not a right sentence.
•
The
opposite of left. (side)
Don’t turn your vehicle to the right side.
•
A
legal entitlement.
You don’t have any right to scold him.
7. Fly:
•
An
insect with two wings. Fly is a tiny
insect.
•
To
travel through the air using wings or an aircraft. I will fly on Monday. (journey)
8. Book:
•
A
set of written or printed pages bound together. (I like books.) Books are our best friends.
•
To
arrange to have a seat, room, or ticket at a particular time.
Please, book our four tickets immediately.
•
To
make a reservation or appointment.
He will book our appointment/ reservation.
Exercise-B Construct sentences of your own for these
homonyms.
1. Ruler:
•
I
have a wooden ruler. (measuring instrument)
•
King
Henry was a great ruler. (authority or a king who rules)
2. Can:
•
I
can swim across the lake if the weather is good. (verb)
Can you pass me that book, please? (verb)
•
He
kept the food in a small can. (container)
3. Tie:
•
He
had to tie his shoelaces before going for a run. Tie your shoes tightly.
(bind/bond)
•
The
game ended in a tie, with both teams scoring the same number of points. (Equal
Finish)
4. Palm:
•
She
rested the seashell in the palm of her hand and marvelled at its beauty. (front
part of hand)
•
She
opened her palm and saw it to the priest.
•
The
resort had numerous palm trees. (tree)
5. Park:
•
We
decided to go for a walk in the park to enjoy the sunshine. He went to
the park in the evening. (garden)
•
Can
you please park the car in the designated area? Park your vehicle
properly. (parking place to keep vehicle)
6. Match:
•
The
cricket match was intense, with both teams giving their best. (game)
This shirt doesn’t match with jeans. (suite proper
with)
There are three main types of homonyms: (Homophones,
Homographs, Heteronyms)
Homophones: These are words that have the same/ similar pronunciation
but different meanings and often different spellings. Examples : "there,"
"their," and "they're," or "two," "to,"
and "too."
Exercise-C Identify homophones of the following words:
1. Shot:
•
Shot:
The past tense of the verb "shoot."
He shot at the target.
•
Short
: Small. It was a very short visit.
He will be there for very short time.
2. Which:
•
Which:
A pronoun used to ask about one or more items from a defined set.
Which is your book?
•
Witch:
A person, usually a woman, who practices witchcraft. (She was a witch.)
3. Piece:
•
Piece:
A part or portion of something.
He gave a piece of cloth to cover the bottle.
•
Peace:
The absence of war or conflict.
He lives peacefully.
4. Soul:
•
Soul:
The spiritual or immaterial part of a human being. (spirit) He has a pure soul.
•
Sole:
The undersurface of a person's foot; also, the bottom of a shoe.
He has to mend the sole of his shoe.
It is his sole responsibility. (single)
Exercise-D Create sentences of your own for the following
pairs of homophones:
1. Build/Billed:
•
Build:
I’m looking for an open plot to build a house. (verb – to make)
•
Billed:
The store billed me for the wrong dress. (charged) He will send bill of the
items soon.
2. Not/Knot:
•
Not:
I will not be able to attend the meeting tomorrow. (negative)
• Knot: She carefully tied a knot in the ribbon to secure the package. (noun)
3. Heart/Hart:
•
Heart:
He felt his heart race as he approached the love of his life.
Her heart was not weak. He is good at heart.
•
Hart:
In the forest, we spotted a majestic hart grazing peacefully.
4. Face/Phase:
•
Face:
Sarah couldn't hide the smile on her face when she received the surprise
gift.
He can’t face the problem.
•
Phase:
The project is now entering the final phase of development.
5. Of/Off:
•
Of:
The painting is a masterpiece of classical art. Take care of your parents.
•
Off:
Please turn off the lights before leaving the room.
6. In/Inn:
•
In:
We'll meet you in the park at noon.
•
Inn:
After a long journey, they decided to stay at a cozy inn for the night.
Homographs: These are words that share the same spelling but have
different meanings and may or may not have the same pronunciation. Examples:
"lead" (to guide) and "lead" (a metal), or "tear"
(to rip) and "tear" (a drop of saline fluid from the eye).
Exercise-E Choose the correct meaning of the underlined
homographs from the given contexts.
1. Jyoti says she can complete the homework before dinner.
ü To have ability A sealed container
2. Look at the sky-it’s pretty clear that it will not rain today.
ü Free from darkness or dust Something
easily understood
3. Dina was asked to rock the baby.
ü Move or sway gently form side to
side.
A stone made of mineral matters.
4. When the teacher asked me, I couldn’t
recall Ahmed’s roll number.
ü Remember
To revoke or remove from public use
5. I dislike dirty dishes left in the sink.
To submerge into something, usually water
ü A basin connected to water supply to
wash things in
Heteronyms: These are a specific type of homograph, which means they
share the same spelling but have different meanings and are pronounced
differently.
Unlike regular homographs, where the difference in
pronunciation might be subtle, heteronyms have distinct pronunciations.
In heteronyms, the difference in pronunciation helps to distinguish
between the different meanings of the word, adding an extra layer of complexity
compared to regular homographs.
Here are a few examples:
Lead (pronounced "led"): Lead (to guide or direct).
Example: "He will lead the team to victory."
Lead (pronounced "leed"): Lead (a soft, heavy, malleable
metal).
Example: "The pencil contains a small amount of lead."
Bow
(pronounced "boh"): Bow (to bend forward at the waist).
Example: "She asked him to bow before the queen."
Bow
(pronounced "bau"): Bow (a curved weapon for shooting arrows).
Example: "He used a bow to shoot
arrows."
Exercise-F Construct sentences of
your own for these heteronyms.
1. Minute (60 seconds/extremely small):
•
The
last minute of the game felt like an eternity.
It will take only one minute to proceed.
•
He
examined the tiny details under the microscope for a minute examination.
2. Tear (because of crying/ rip off):
•
A
tear rolled down her cheek as she watched the emotional scene.
•
Be
careful not to tear the wrapping paper when opening the gift.
3. Wind (strong air/ tighten):
•
The
wind howled through the trees during the storm. It’s a windy day.
•
She
had to wind the old clock every day to keep it running.
4. Lead (metal/to initiate):
•
The
pencil contained a small amount of lead in its core. The lead of a pencil is
very soft.
•
As
the team captain, he was ready to lead his teammates to victory. Sachin will
lead the team.
5. Tear (a drop of water from the eyes/ to pull apart with force):
•
A
single tear glistened in the corner of his eye as he said goodbye.
•
She
had to tear the fabric to create strips for the art project. Tear it properly.
Gerunds:
A gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun in a sentence. In
English, gerunds end in "-ing." They are created by adding the
"-ing" suffix to the base form of a verb. Gerunds can be used in
various ways, including as subjects, objects, and complements.
Here are some examples of gerunds:
1. As a Subject:
Swimming is my favourite form of exercise. Reading helps me
relax after a long day.
2. As an Object:
I enjoy playing
the guitar.
She avoids eating
too much junk food.
3. As a Complement:
•
His
hobby is painting landscapes.
•
Her
favourite activity is dancing.
4. After Prepositions:
•
I'm
interested in learning a new language.
•
She
is good at solving problems.
5.
After Certain Verbs:
•
They
started working on the project early in the morning.
•
I
like listening to music while I work.
Remember that gerunds are formed by adding "-ing" to the base
form of the verb. However, there are some spelling variations to be aware of,
such as dropping the final "e" in verbs ending in "e"
(e.g., write → writing) or doubling the final consonant in certain cases (e.g.,
run → running).
Exercise-A Underline the main verb and bold the gerund in the
following sentences:
1. Emerson’s poem demonstrates that saving water is essential.
2. What the author emphasizes the most in this poem is disrespecting water.
3. Man is not interested in conserving water.
4. It is worth spending some time reading this poem again.
5. Let us realize
the importance of preserving water resources.
Exercise-B Use following words as main verb and gerunds in
sentences of your own:
1.
Understand:
•
Main
Verb: I understand Hindi very well.
• Gerund: Understanding Biology can be challenging.
2.
Wet:
•
Main
Verb: She accidentally wet the paper with spilled water.
•
Gerund:
Wetting the cloth before cleaning helps remove stains more effectively.
3.
Chill:
•
Main
Verb: After a long day, they chilled by the fireplace.
•
Gerund:
Chilling with friends is a great way to relax on weekends.
4.
Use:
•
Main
Verb: He will use his new laptop.
•
Gerund:
Using technology wisely is essential for productivity.
5.
Double:
•
Main
Verb: She doubled the quantity of food for the family gathering.
•
Gerund:
Doubling the effort can lead to better results.
6.
Measure:
•
Main
Verb: The tailor measured it for a custom fit.
•
Gerund:
Measuring ingredients precisely is crucial in baking.
Participles:
A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective, often ending
in "-ing" (flying car) (present participle) or "-ed" (broken
hearted) (past participle). Participles modify nouns and pronouns, providing
additional information about them.
Check the examples given in the book:
As Adjectives
The rising star, The sailing ship, A closing address
The risen star, The sailed ship, A closed door
Creating Verb Tense
I am/was/will be cooking.
They have been/ had been studying.
He has/ had broken the glass.
She has/had been reading.
Passive voice
Civilization is understood by the water.
It was done by him.
The poem was written by Emerson.
Here are some more examples:
1.
Present Participle (-ing):
•
The
running water sounded soothing.
•
I
saw a man reading a book.
2. Past Participle (-ed, -en, -d, -t, -n):
•
The
broken window needs to be repaired.
•
The
cake, baked by my mom, was delicious.
•
The
lost keys were found under the couch.
•
The
written report was submitted on time.
3. Perfect Participle (having + past participle):
•
Having finished
his homework, Tom went out to play.
4.
Participial Phrases:
•
Tired and
hungry, she decided to stop for a break.
•
Inspired by
the movie, they decided to write their own screenplay.
In these examples, "running," "reading,"
"broken," "baked," "lost," and
"written" are participles modifying nouns or pronouns. Participles
are versatile and can be used in various sentence structures to add descriptive
details.
Exercise- A Identify and underline the participle in the
following sentences:
1. The crying girl
laughed at the clown.
2. The running race
started at 9 am.
3. The filled jar
fell down.
4. The burnt paper
flew away.
5. Exhausted, the marathon runner drank some orange juice.
Page no. 79 to 82 Exercise A,B &C as discussed in class room.
(worksheet 2.3)
Exercise- B Fill in the following table:
Verb |
Present Participle |
Past Participle |
Adjective |
Tense |
Passive Voice |
Break |
breaking |
broken |
This is the breaking news
for today. |
The workers have broken the windows. |
The pot was broken by the
careless girl. |
Use |
using |
used |
Used plates should be kept aside. |
I have used all those
machines already. I have been using those books as reference. |
The new software was used by
the entire team to enhance productivity. |
Understand |
understanding |
understood |
The explanation was such that even
the most understandable concepts became complex. |
She has understood the whole idea of her boss. |
The complex concept was understood by very few students in the class. |
Destroy |
destroying |
destroyed |
The firefighter bravely entered the destroyed
building to search for survivors. |
The earthquake had destroyed almost all buildings in
the city. |
The ancient
manuscripts were destroyed by them. |
Write |
writing |
written |
The library showcased a collection
of written works from various renowned authors. |
Next week, they will write letters
to their pen pals. He has written the poem. |
A heartfelt poem was written by the
poet in memory of his late grandmother. |
Literary Devices:
1. Antithesis: (anti = opposite thesis = ideas)
Antithesis is a rhetorical device or figure of speech in which
there is a contrast or opposition between two ideas. It
involves the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas within a
balanced grammatical structure. The purpose of using antithesis is to create a intense,
striking and memorable expression that highlights the differences between the
two concepts. This contrast can serve to emphasize a particular point, create
tension, or bring attention to the complexity of a situation.
Here's a simple example to illustrate antithesis:
"To be or not to be, that is the
question."
In this famous line from William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet,"
the antithesis is evident in the opposition between "to be" and
"not to be." This contrast emphasizes the existential dilemma that
the character Hamlet is facing.
Antithesis is commonly used in literature, speeches, and everyday
language to create impact, draw attention, and convey complex ideas through the
juxtaposition of contrasting elements.
2. Oxymoron:
An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two seemingly contradictory
or opposite words or ideas are combined to create a new and often
thought-provoking meaning. The purpose of using an oxymoron is to create
a paradoxical, ironic, or humorous effect. Despite the apparent contradiction,
oxymoron are used to highlight the complexities and nuances of a situation. Oxymoron
is widely used in literature, poetry, and everyday language to add depth, humour,
or irony to expressions and to capture the inherent contradictions present in
certain situations.
Here are a few examples of oxymoron:
1. Deafening silence: (strong loud
silence) The juxtaposition of "deafening" and "silence"
creates an image of silence that is so profound and overwhelming that it seems
loud.
2. Jumbo shrimp: (large, huge, very
small) This oxymoron combines the contradictory notions of something being both
large (jumbo) and small (shrimp), often used to create a humorous effect.
3. Living dead: (existence without life/
vitality) The combination of "living" and "dead" seems
contradictory, but it is commonly used to refer to creatures like zombies or to
describe a state of existence that lacks vitality or true life.
4. Seriously funny: (funny with some
real sense, meaning) This oxymoron suggests that something is both serious and
humorous at the same time, emphasizing the complexity of the situation.
5. Act naturally: (Artificial action
which looks natural)Combining
"act" and "naturally" implies that one should behave in a
natural way, but the use of "act" introduces an element of
artificiality or performance.
Exercise- A Underline the opposite ideas in each of the
following sentences.
1. It means that in order that the
liberties of all may be preserved the
liberties of everybody must be curtailed.
2. The traffic policeman is the symbol
not of tyranny, but of liberty.
3. You have submitted to a curtailment
of private liberty in order that you may
enjoy a social order which makes your
liberty a reality.
4. Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract.
5. We have a whole kingdom, in which we
rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise
or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd.
6. My dear old friend X., who live in a
West End square and who is an amazing mixture of good
nature and irascibility, flies into a
passion when he hears a street piano, and rushes out to order it away.
7. We have both liberties to preserve –
our individual liberty and our social liberty.
8. It is the little habits of common
place intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the
journey.
9. I suppose the fact that we can be
neither complete anarchists nor complete socialist in this complex world.
10. We must watch the bureaucrat on the one side and warn off the anarchists on the other side.
Exercise- B Use the words you underlined to complete the
sentences give below:
1. Some of us maintain a personal diary in which we write certain
things, we do not wish to share with anyone.
2. Pickles are preserved with salt-so that they can be used for a long time.
3. ‘Man is a social animal; stated Aristotle.
4. It is Conventional
for women to wear a sari on their wedding day.
5. Personal likes and dislikes of and dislikes
of an individual are not more important than the social interest.
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